Medicaid: Free & Low-Cost Health Coverage
Last updated June 2026 · Educational overview, not legal or financial advice
Medicaid provides free or low-cost health insurance to tens of millions of Americans. Here's who qualifies, what it covers, and how to apply — in plain English.
What is Medicaid?
Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that provides free or low-cost health coverage to millions of Americans, including eligible low-income adults, children, pregnant women, seniors, and people with disabilities. Each state runs its own Medicaid program within federal rules, so the name, exact benefits, and income limits vary by state.
What does Medicaid cover?
Medicaid covers a broad set of health services. Federally required benefits include hospital and doctor visits, lab work and X-rays, pregnancy and newborn care, and care for children. Most states also cover prescription drugs, dental, vision, mental health, and more. For many enrollees, covered services have little or no out-of-pocket cost.
Who is eligible?
Eligibility is based largely on income relative to the federal poverty level, plus factors like household size, age, disability, and pregnancy. In states that expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, adults with income up to 138% of the federal poverty level generally qualify. Children often qualify at higher income levels through Medicaid or CHIP. Because rules differ by state, the surest way to know is to apply — there is no cost to apply, and you can apply any time of year.
How to apply
You can apply two ways: through your state Medicaid agency directly, or through the Health Insurance Marketplace at HealthCare.gov, which will tell you if you qualify for Medicaid and route your application to your state. Applications are accepted year-round.
Frequently asked questions
What is the income limit for Medicaid?
It depends on your state and situation. In states that expanded Medicaid, adults generally qualify with income up to 138% of the federal poverty level. Children, pregnant women, seniors, and people with disabilities may qualify at different income levels.
Is Medicaid free?
For most enrollees, Medicaid coverage is free or very low cost. Some states charge small copays for certain services, but core covered care typically has little to no out-of-pocket cost.
When can I apply for Medicaid?
Any time. Unlike Marketplace plans, Medicaid has no open enrollment period — you can apply year-round and coverage can start quickly if you qualify.
What is the difference between Medicaid and Medicare?
Medicaid is income-based health coverage run jointly by states and the federal government. Medicare is federal health coverage primarily for people 65 and older or with certain disabilities, regardless of income. Some people qualify for both.
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